In order for the materials in the battery to have the required properties, their composition is sometimes enriched. Most often this is done with the help of electrode grids, but doping of the most active material is no exception.
Alloying of batteries Pb - Sb, Pb - Ca, other alloys Ag, C.
Doping of the grid.
For the mesh itself, doping is done for several reasons. The basic fact is that lead is a fairly soft metal, and it is useful to harden it to increase battery life. The grid is mechanically loaded at high current consumption and bends. This leads both to the gradual peeling of the active material deposited on the mesh, and to the destruction of the mesh itself.
Antimon (Sb).
Although this slightly reduces battery performance, it increases the mechanical strength of the mesh and its resistance to sulfuric acid. As a result, the battery life is extended and the resistance to degradation increases when fully discharged. The negative effect is a greater turbidity of the water from the battery. To this day, the grids in some traction batteries of cars with a hybrid drive system are doped with antimony.
Calcium (Ca).
Calcium-enriched electrode arrays increase battery performance and reduce gas formation, so the battery evaporates less water. Today, calcium doping is widespread and little used in hybrid cars.
Silver (Ag).
This rather expensive metal is used to reduce the corrosion of the mesh, as well as to reduce self-discharge. Batteries with this alloy usually have a longer shelf life, during which they do not need to be recharged.
Carbon alloy (C).
Almost the only widely used additive for the active material of car batteries is carbon. Mixing small crystals of this material leads to improved electron permeability, faster recharge and higher starting current.
Pure lead in coil electrodes.
These are slightly strange batteries, as indicated by the shape of the plastic box itself. It is not regularly angular, but consists of a kind of connected war. There is a reason for this — in these cylinders, the electrodes are wound in coils that have greater strength than conventional flat grids. Therefore, they can be made from pure (and soft) lead.
The positive and negative electrodes are separated by a separator and twisted. The result is perfect resistance to vibration and shock, the ability to provide very high currents, low self-discharge and a very long service life. "A small" minus is a very high price. For the average user, these batteries are probably an unnecessary luxury, but they are widely used by the military, owners of trailers and motor homes, and are also widely used on small ships. Примерно в 1150 году мусульмане завезли в Испанию коноплю для производства бумаги. Тогда легко было купить
семена каннабиса в городе Аликанте, где была основана первая мельница и усилился интерес к производству текстиля, одежды и канатов.
